Linguistic Modification of Math Test Items

Linguistic Modification of Math Test Items is a test accommodation that reduces the language complexity of mathematics test items without altering the mathematical construct being assessed. The accommodation targets middle school students (grades 7-8), particularly English language learners and non-English-language-arts-proficient students. Two sets of 25 multiple-choice math items were developed: one with original items from released state and national assessments, and one with linguistically modified versions of those items. Items were selected from measurement and number sense/operations content strands. Linguistic modification strategies included reducing sentence length and complexity, using common or familiar words, changing passive to active voice, simplifying grammatical structures, and using concrete language. The item sets were administered in paper-pencil format during one class period (approximately 50 minutes). Students worked individually at their desks, circling responses in test booklets. Calculator use was allowed. Before operational testing, items underwent expert review, cognitive interviews with students, and pilot testing to ensure appropriate linguistic modification without construct alteration. Test administrators (classroom teachers) followed standardized protocols, and materials included test directions in English and Spanish.